[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/psychologie-pod-lupou\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/psychologie-pod-lupou\/","headline":"Psychologie pod lupou","name":"Psychologie pod lupou","description":"Tvarov\u00e1 (jinak gestaltistick\u00e1) psychologie zast\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee centrum je vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Zku\u0161enosti z\u00e1vis\u00ed na vzorc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed v d\u016fsledku p\u016fsoben\u00ed podn\u011bt\u016f a dal\u0161\u00ed organizaci z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f. Datujeme j\u00ed k p\u0159elomu devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z jeho p\u0159edstavitel\u016f je Max Wertheimer, kter\u00fd zast\u00e1val n\u00e1zor, \u017ee organizov\u00e1n\u00ed podn\u011bt\u016f je podle princip\u016f podobnosti. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b...","datePublished":"2019-06-05","dateModified":"2019-06-05","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/12ad8f0fd7cc61bb561b9b0d5c289f62?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/12ad8f0fd7cc61bb561b9b0d5c289f62?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"cbnet.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a347184_w2618_t1561386716.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a347184_w2618_t1561386716.jpg","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/psychologie-pod-lupou\/","wordCount":364,"articleBody":"Tvarov\u00e1 (jinak gestaltistick\u00e1) psychologie zast\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee centrum je vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Zku\u0161enosti z\u00e1vis\u00ed na vzorc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed v d\u016fsledku p\u016fsoben\u00ed podn\u011bt\u016f a dal\u0161\u00ed organizaci z\u00e1\u017eitk\u016f. Datujeme j\u00ed k p\u0159elomu devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z jeho p\u0159edstavitel\u016f je Max Wertheimer, kter\u00fd zast\u00e1val n\u00e1zor, \u017ee organizov\u00e1n\u00ed podn\u011bt\u016f je podle princip\u016f podobnosti. Konkr\u00e9tn\u011b vyty\u010dil z\u00e1kon kontinuity (n\u00e1vaznosti) pregnance (dobr\u00e9ho tvaru \u2013 jednotliv\u00e9 vjemy jsou hlavn\u011b \u010d\u00e1sti celku) a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d\u011b tak\u00e9 mluvil o reproduktivn\u00edm a produktivn\u00edm my\u0161len\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edstavitelem je Kurt Lewin, ten mluvil o psychologick\u00e9m poli, ve kter\u00e9m doch\u00e1z\u00ed k du\u0161evn\u00edm aktivit\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 jsou ur\u010dov\u00e1ny chov\u00e1n\u00edm, \u017eivotn\u00edm prostorem a prost\u0159ed\u00ed. V tomto poli mohou vznikat konflikty.\tDal\u0161\u00edm proudem je behaviorismus. Ten se orientuje hlavn\u011b na pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159itom metodu introspekce, kterou proslavil Wilhem Wundt. P\u0159edch\u016fdcem tohoto sm\u011bru byl ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Ivan P. Pavlov. Ten zkoumal reflexy v slavn\u00e9m pokusu se krmen\u00ed ps\u016f. Rozd\u011blil tak reflexy na podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 a nepodm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9.\tJeho hlavn\u00edm p\u0159edstavitele byl John Watson. Ten vymezuje p\u0159edm\u011bt tohoto v\u011bdn\u00edho oboru striktn\u011b jako studium chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161echno chov\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u00fdsledkem podminov\u00e1n\u00ed a prost\u0159ed\u00ed formuje chov\u00e1n\u00ed jednice. Dal\u0161\u00ed roli zde m\u00e1 posilov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ur\u010duje n\u00e1vyky, a to kladn\u00e9 i z\u00e1porn\u00e9.\tD\u00e1le na tento proud navazuje nap\u0159\u00edklad E.C.Tolman, kter\u00fd chov\u00e1n\u00ed vymezuje jako bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed reakc\u00ed na podn\u011bt ovlivn\u011bn d\u011bdi\u010dnost\u00ed, d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm u\u010den\u00edm a moment\u00e1ln\u00edm fyziologick\u00fd stavem. Potom nap\u0159\u00edklad B.F.Skinner kter\u00fd zrealizoval n\u011bkolik experiment\u016f, aby ur\u010dil druhy posilov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tak\u00e9 se s jeho jm\u00e9nem \u010dasto spojuje pojem operativn\u00ed podmi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed.\t\tA v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b je tu dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fd sm\u011br psychoanal\u00fdza, jeho\u017e p\u0159edstavitelem byl Freud. Tento sm\u011br pova\u017eoval hlubinn\u00e9 vrstvy ta j\u00e1dro psychiky.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Psychologie pod lupou","item":"https:\/\/www.cbnet.cz\/psychologie-pod-lupou\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]